Journal of Economics, Management and Trade

The present study has examined the marketing efficiency and price spread of different existing channels and Post-harvest losses in Banana. The shortest route to customers i.e. Channel IV was the most efficient channel. Channel III was less efficient than other channels as the marketing costs involved in this channel was higher. Channel I and II were mostly used for marketing of produce to local and distant markets. Marketing efficiency is inversely proportional to price spread. Since the price spread is lowest in case of Channel IV, marketing efficiency is highest (1.37). The next efficient channel is Channel I (0.93). As the number of intermediaries increases the channel becomes less efficient. To increase the efficiency the producer should be able to contact customers directly.  PHL is a matter of grave concern. It was found that PHL was higher at wholesaler level (7.23 percent) followed at producer’s level (6.59 percent) and then at retailer’s level (4.41 percent). Creation of cold storage structures, the establishment of ripening centres and processing units, providing refrigerated trucks for long distance transportation etc. are required to strengthen the supply chain of Banana.

The aim of this paper is to suggest that the establishment of a system of producer cooperatives is a revolution which is consistent with Marx and Engels’s thought. The author examines Marx’s definition of revolution and the concept of production mode and argues that a system of the cooperative firm changes the production mode. He discusses also what manner plan and the market can be reconciled in a socialist system.

The aim of this article is to examine the relationship between equity perception (distributive, procedural and informational justice) and employees' affective job satisfaction. This study tested the mediating role of individual self-efficacy on the direct relationship between perceived equity and affective job satisfaction based on the organisational justice theory and social cognitive theory. Data were collected using questionnaire from 450 workers across the six States of northeastern Nigeria, where Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and mediation analysis were used for testing the hypothesised model of the study using SEM-AMOS. Preliminary analyses revealed that there is an adequate fit between the data and the tested model. As expected, a positive and significant relationship was found between equity perception and employees' affective job satisfaction. It was also found that the individual self-efficacy has a significant and positive relationship with both equity perception and employees' affective job satisfaction. Besides, the analysis further showed that individual self-efficacy fully mediated the positive relationship between perceived equity and employees' affective job satisfaction. Study limitations and practical implications were also discussed.

The existing literary sources do not provide an opportunity to forecast or develop measures to overcome the deterioration of economic activity. The authors consider the problems of the money circulation in its various forms, components, and relationships. The necessary parameters were determined by data from various literary sources. It is shown that certain interrelationships make it possible to construct the dependence of the probability of crisis phenomena on time. This dependence shows a singularity corresponding to the manifestation of the crisis. The formula obtained allows to predict the emergence of crisis phenomena and to seek ways to overcome them.

The objective of the paper is to present a transparent and easy to use method of computing Internal rate of return (IRR). The methodology is based on a thought experiment involving three datapoints, one which represents a test IRR that is greater than the solution, one with a test IRR that is less than the solution and one that is the actual IRR. The finding is that IRR can be calculated in a transparent manner without resort to trial and error, complex mathematics, financial calculators or preprogrammed spreadsheet functions. Trial and error is time consuming and intellectually unsatisfying. Complex mathematics is beyond the capability of most practitioners and can result in multiple values for IRR. Financial calculators and preprogrammed spreadsheet functions present answers with no means of verification. That seems careless for multimillion dollar projects. The recommendation is to use the algorithm discussed in this paper which is relatively simple and which can be implemented through use of spreadsheets with no loss of transparency.